… and then two come along at once.
On 21st March 2013 the House of Commons Justice Committee published a report about the ICO (see our earlier post here), recommending, among other matters, that the ICO should be given the power to carry out compulsory data protection audits of NHS Trusts and local authorities. With uncanny speed, on 25th March 2013 the Ministry of Justice (MOJ) published a consultation document on the proposed extension of the ICO’s compulsory audit powers to cover NHS bodies. Despite the coincidence of timing, the MOJ’s proposal is not in fact a response to the Justice Committee’s report, but is prompted by a recommendation from the ICO itself.
The MOJ’s consultation document asserts that significant data protection compliance problems exist within the NHS. Over the last six calendar years (2007-2012) the ICO has received over 5,000 data protection complaints from individuals about the health sector: the only sectors that have generated more complaints over that period are lenders, local government, and general business. During the same period, the NHS self-reported over 500 data security breaches to the ICO. The MOJ document gives six examples of monetary penalty notices against NHS bodies, for amounts ranging between £60,000 and £325,000.
The ICO can already carry out consensual audits of NHS bodies; the MOJ document refers to a number of issues that have been highlighted as a result of these, including the use of unencrypted mobile media holding sensitive personal data. Most NHS consensual audits have come about as a result of referrals from the ICO’s Enforcement team, but of the NHS organisations referred for audit by Enforcement only 53% have agreed. This compares unfavourably to the 71% level of agreement for the public sector as a whole.
A compulsory audit can be initiated by the ICO serving an “assessment notice” under DPA section 41A. Where this power exists, data controllers can still agree to consensual audits; and according to the MOJ report, no assessment notices have yet been served, because 100% of data controllers covered by the existing scope of section 41A have agreed to an audit when asked to do so by the ICO. In other words, the mere existence of the power of compulsory audit has been enough to secure compliance, meaning that so far there has been no need for the ICO to use the power.
The MOJ’s proposal to extend the power of compulsory audit does not require primary legislation: it would be given effect by an order made by the Secretary of State under section 41A(2)(b) of the Data Protection Act 1998. All public authority data controllers in the NHS would be covered, throughout the UK. In other words, the proposal would cover all NHS bodies listed in Part III of Schedule 1 to the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (likely to be amended following NHS reforms in England), and all Health Service data controllers in Scotland listed in Part 4 of Schedule 1 to the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002. Note that the proposals will not cover private or third sector health bodies providing services to the NHS, though the MOJ document refers to the possibility of a further order to include these bodies at a later date.
The consultation will remain open until 17th May 2013.
Timothy Pitt-Payne QC